SEMINAR NAME: MULTIPLE-OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS.
BY: DR. VIJAY GOKHALE SIR.
WRITTEN IN TEXT FORM BY: AMIT GHADGE.
(POST SCRIPT: PLEASE NOTE THAT THE NOTES
ARE WRITTEN AT RUN TIME WHILE LISTENING AUDIO CLIPS, SO IT MAY POSSIBLE THAT
SOME STATEMENTS MAY HAVE GRAMATICALLY INCORRECT, SOME WORDS MAY HAVE SPELLING
MISTAKES, ETC. SO PLEASE IGNORE THAT PARTS, OTHERWISE, THE CONCEPTS WILL DEFINITELY GOING TO BE CLEAR BY READING THIS NOTES. REST OF ALL NOTES ARE WRITTEN VERY WELL).
THANKS TO THAT STUDENT WHO DONE THIS
RECORDING.
AND MOST IMPORTANT: THANKS TO DR. VIJAY
GOKHALE SIR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
OPERATING
SYSTEMS:
1) WINDOWS XP
2) OPEN SOLARIS,
3) PC-BSD,
4) WINDOWS-7,
5) OPEN SuSE 11.3,
6) WINDOWS-SERVER 2003 (IN VIRTUAL BOX),
(THIS "WINDOWS SERVER 2003" OPERATING SYSTEM WE ARE GOING TO INSTALL
ON "OPEN SuSE 11.3" OPERATING SYSTEM)
7) UBANTU (IN VIRTUAL BOX), (THIS
"UBANTU" OPERATING SYSTEM WE ARE GOING TO INSTALL ON "WINDOWS
XP" OPERATING SYSTEM)
8) RED HAT FEDORA CORE,
9) MAC OS X
OPERATING SYSTEMS MAIN BASIC TASKS
1)
FILE MANAGEMENT
2)
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
3)
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
4)
CPU SCHEDULING.
5)
HARDWARE ABSTRACTION. (HIDDEN/
DOES - INTERNALLY THIS).
CONCEPTS
OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE PUTTED ON
"HARDDISKS". AND
OPERATING
SYSTEMS ARE RUNS ON "MEMORY/RAM".
SO NOW, AFTER BOOTING, "CPU (CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT)" BRINGS/PULLS OPERATING SYSTEM FROM HARDDISK TO
MEMORY/RAM.
LAPTOP'S HARDWARE IS "VENDOR
SPECIFIC".
FOR EXAMPLE: DELL's LAPTOP HARDWARE,
SONY's LAPTOP HARDWARE, IBM'S LAPTOP HARDWARE, THESE ALL LAPTOPS HARDWARE ARE
DIFFERENT FOR EACH OTHER. EVEN THEIR MOTHER BOARD ARE ALSO DIFFERENT FOR EACH
OTHER.
OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE PUTTED ON HARDDISKS
AND THEY ARE RUN ON MEMORY/RAM.
SOME COMPANIES MOTHERBOARD ARE VENDOR
SPECIFIC, FOR EXAMPLE, INTEL DESIGN THE MOTHERBOARD OF APPLE COMPUTERS AND
OTHER COMPUTERS ALSO. BUT THESE ARE NOT SAME MOTHER BOARDS, BUT THESE ARE
DIFFERENT. FOR EXAMPLE, THE DRIVERS WHICH RUNS ON APPLE's COMPUTER ARE CAN NOT
ABLE TO RUN ON OTHER MACHINES VENDORS COMPUTERS. ETC.
APPLE's MOTHERBOARD's ARE CALLED AS
"LOGIC MOTHERBOARDS", SINCE AS IF THE DESIGNER OF MOTHERBOARD ARE
INTEL, THE LOGIC IS BY APPLE, SO THEY ARE CALLED AS "LOGIC
MOTHERBOARD".
SO THEREFORE, WE CAN NOT USE DRIVERS OF
APPLE's COMPUTER ON SOME OTHER COMPUTERS AND VICE A VERSA. SO THEREFORE,
LAPTOPS ARE "VENDOR SPECIFICS".
THERE ARE VENDOR SPECIFIC DESKTOPS ALSO
AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET. THESE ARE CALLED AS BRANDED DESKTOPS. FOR EXAMPLE,
SONY, HP, DELL, IBM, ETC. THEY ARE HAVING THEIR OOWN BRANDED NAMES.
BIOS:
BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM.
WHILE BOOTING A COMPUTER, IF WE PRESS
"F2" OR "DEL" BUTTOON, THE SCREEN WHICH WE SEE ON
COMPUTER\MONITOR IS NOTHING BUT "BIOS". IN THAT SCREEN, WE CAN SEE
CLEARLY ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLED IN PC, NO MATTER, WETHER THEY ARE
ENABLED OR DISSABLED.
DOS OPERATING SYSTEM IS "PERSONAL
COMPUTER'S" FIRST OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD WHICH CAME INTO THE
MARKET. BEFORE THAT, THERE WAS AN OPERATING SYSTEM FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER ALSO,
BUT THAT OS WAS NOT AS MUCH SO FAMOUS AS THAT OF DOS. THAT OS NAME WAS “CENTRAL/OR
CONTROL PROGRAM FOR MICROCOMPUTERS" i.e. "CP/M"
OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE PUTTED ON HARDDISKS.
& OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE RUNS ON MEMORY/RAM. SO NOW, AFTER BOOTING, CPU
(CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) BRINGS/PULLS OPERATING SYSTEM FROM HARDDISK TO
MEMORY/RAM.
CP/M: CENTRAL PROGRAM FOR MICRO COMPUTER.
TIM PATTERSON DESIGNED AN OPERATING SYSTEM
CALLED 86-DOS. (86 MEANS THAT TIME, 86 MICROPROCESSOR WAS AVAILABLE IN THE
MARKET, SO & DOS STANDS FOR DISK OPERATING SYSTEM).
AFTER THAT, IBM TOLD/INVITED TO MICROSOFT
THAT THEY SHOULD DESIGN AN OPERATING SYSTEM FOR THEIR OWN COMPUTERS i.e. IBM's
COMPUTERS AND THE OS IS FROM MICROSOFT.
MICROSOFT ACCEPTED IBM's INVITATION, AND
BROUGHT AN OPERATING SYSTEM FROM TIM PATTERSON's 86-DOS, AND RENAMED IT "8
IS REPLACED BY M, AND 6 IS REPLACED BY S" CALLED AS "MS-DOS"
OPERATING SYSTEM.
LINUX IS CONFIGURABLE AND HIGHLY
CUSTOMISABLE OPERATING SYSTEM.
WINDOWS AND MAC ARE FREE PACKAGED
OPERATING SYSTEMS.
WINDOWS
XP OPERATING SYSTEM:
1) THIS IS THE LAST VERSION OF OPERATING
SYSTEM WHICH RUNS "TURBO C" SOFTWARE. SO FOR THAT PURPOSE, STILL MOST
OF THE STUDENTS USES WINDOWS XP.
2) "WINDOWS XP" OPERATING SYSTEM
IS MICROSOFT's MOST SUCCESSFUL OPERATING SYSTEM TILL NOW.
OPEN
SOLARIS OPERATING SYSTEM:
1)
OPEN SOLARIS IS DEVELOPED ON THAT FILE SYSTEM
WHICH IS TODAYS ONE OF THE "FASTEST FILE SYSTEM". THAT FILE SYSTEM
NAME IS: ZFS (ZETABYTE FILE SYSTEM)
2)
FOR CLOUD COMPUTING, THIS IS THE BEST
OPERATING SYSTEM AND THIS IS THE BEST FILE SYSTEM.
ARRANGEMENT OF HDD'S PARTITIONS IN WHICH
WE PUT THE DATA, THAT FORMATS IS NOTHING BUT A FILE SYSTEM.
MICROSOFT
WINDOWS FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
FAT: FILE ALLOCATION TABLE.
1)
FAT12: FILE ALLOCATION TABLE
FOR 12BIT MICROPROCESSOR
2)
FAT16: FILE ALLOCATION TABLE
FOR 16BIT MICROPROCESSOR (WINDOWS 1.0, WINDOWS 2.0, WINDOWS 3.0, WINDOWS 3.1
TILL THIS, MICROSOFT WERE USING THIS FILE SYSTEM FAT16 FOR 16BIT CPU).
3)
FAT32: FILE ALLOCATION TABLE
FOR 32BIT MICROPROCESSOR.(WINDOWS NT .1,)
4)
ExFAT: EXTENDED FAT32 FILE SYSTEM
(THIS FILE SYSTEM CAME AFTER FAT32 FILE SYSTEM AND BEFORE NTFS).
5)
NTFS: NEW TECHNOLGY FILE
SYSTEM.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAT32 AND NTFS FILE
SYSTEM FORMAT IS:
1)
THEIR STRUCTURE
2)
FAT32 FILE SYSTEM CAN NOT STORE
FILE BEYOND 4GB. THESE FILE SYSTEMS MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILE CAPACITY IS 4GB.
3)
NTFS CAN STORE ANY SIZE FILE.
HAL: HARDARE ABSTRACTION LAYER.
AFTER REMOVING SOME PART OF HAL, WINDOWS
95 BORN INTO PICTURE
AFTER THIS, WINDOWS 98 BORN INTO PICTURE
NE
WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEMS VERSIONS
MS-DOS
FOR END USERS
WINDOWS
1.0, WINDOWS 2.0, WINDOWS 3.0
(TILL THIS, MICROSOFT HAVING 16BIT
MICROPROCESSOR).
WINDOWS
3.1
( 27 JULY, 1993, MICROSOFT'S FIRST 32BIT
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM "WINDOWS NT" CAME INTO MARKET HAVING FILE
SYSTEM AS NTFS )
(TILL THIS, PROGRAMMERS OR USER's PROGRAM
CAN DIRECTLY TOUCH THE HARDWARE THROUGH PROGRAMS AND POSSIBLY CORRUPTS
/AFFECTS/ THAT HARDWARE.) (BUT, BY RULE, USERS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO TOUCH THE
HARDWARE. THEY SHOULD TOUCH TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM ONLY.)
WINDOWS
NT
THEREFORE, MICROSOFT ADDED ONE LAYER INTO
THIS OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS NT, CALLED AS "HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER
(HAL)" WHICH PREVENTS USERS PROGRAM FROM HARDWARE.
BUT BECAUSE OF THIS, GRAPHICS CARDS ARE
NOT RUNNIG PROPERLY SINCE THEY WORKS ON HARDWARE. SO MICROSOFT's MARKET BECOMES
DOWN (BECAUSE OF GAMING PURPOSE)(SINCE, GRAPHICS CARD ARE USED FOR GAMING
ALSO).
SO MICROSOFT DECIDED TO REMOVE SOME PARTS/
OR AMOUNT OF FEATURES OF HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER(HAL) FROM THAT
"WINDOWS NT" OPERATING SYSTEM, AND FORMED A NEW OPERATING SYSTEM
CALLED AS "WINDOWS 95" OPERATING SYSTEM FOR USER PURPOSE.
WINDOWS
95 (HAL), WINDOWS
98, WINDOWS NE
(BRANCHES OF "WINDOWS NT" FOR
BOTH i.e. FOR USERS AND FOR DEVELOPERS)
FOR USERS: WINODOS NT.
1)
WINDOWS NT
2)
WINDOWS 95
3)
WINDOWS 98
4)
WINDOWS NE.
FOR DEVELOPERS: WINDOWS NT.
1)
WINDOWS NT 4.0
2)
WINDOWS NT 5.0
3)
WINDOWS NT 6.0
4)
WINDOWS NT 7.0
SO, MICROSOFT WAS SO TIRED BY DEVELOPING
BOTH BRANCHES OF WINDOWS. AND WHILE DEVELOPING WINDOWS NEXT VERSION, HE LUCKLY
GOT THAT OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH WAS CAPABLE OF FULLFILLINGS FROM BOTH THE SIDES
i.e. FROM USERS AND FROM DEVELOPERS ALSO. i.e. THIS OPERATING SYSTEM WAS GOING
TO SUPPORT "HAL" AND WAS ALSO GOING TO SUPPORT GAMING ALSO. AND THAT
OPERATING SYSTEM NAME IS "WINDOWS XP".
FOR BOTH USERS i.e. FOR END USERS AND FOR
DEVELOPER USERS:
WINDOWS
XP:
SO FOR THAT PURPOSE, WINDOWS XP IS ONE OF
THE MOST POPULER VERSIONS OF MICROSOFT.
SINCE THIS "WINDOWS XP"
OPERATING SYSTEM WAS FOR END USERS ALSO AND FOR DEVELOPERS ALSO.
1)
WINDOWS XP
2)
WINDOWS VISTA
3)
WINDOWS 7: USE NTFS FILE SYSTEM
FORMAT.
WINDOWS
SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS EDITIONS ARE:
1)
WINDOWS NT SERVER
2)
WINDOWS 2000 SERVER
3)
WINDOWS 2003: USE
"NTFS" FILE SYSTEM FORMAT.
4)
WINDOWS 2008 SERVER (CURRENTLY
THIS VERSION IS RUNNING)
LINUX
FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
1)
EXT3 FILE SYSTEM: "EXTENDED 3"
FILE SYSTEM FOR LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM. 3 CAME SINCE THIS IS THE DISTRIBUTION
OF FILE SYSTEMS AMONG THREE OPERATING SYSTEMS.
2)
RED-HAT, SUSe, UBANTU FOR ALL
THESE THREE OPERATING SYSTEM, EXT3 FILE SYSTEM IS USED.
3)
PC-BSD: BERCLAY SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION.
BSD
- THIS OPERATING SYSTEM WAS ACTUALLY DEVELOPED FOR "VAX" MACHINE
WHICH WAS A "MAINFRAME" COMPUTER. AFTERWORDS THIS OPERATING SYSTEM IS
DEVELOPED FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER ALSO. SO THEREFORE THE NAME CAME: PC-BSD. (THIS
IS A PRODUCT OF UCB- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERCLAY). FILE SYSTEM NAME IS:
UFS
UFS:
UNIX FILE SYSTEM.
THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST OPERATING SYSTEM
SINCE THE WORDING "NETWORKING/OR SOCKET" CAME FROM THIS OPERATING
SYSTEM. WORLDS BEST 13 SERVERS RUNS ON THIS OPERATING SYSTEM ALSO.
"ROOT OF INTERNET" IS ALSO CAME
FROM THIS OPERATING SYSTEM.
"THIS OPERATING SYSTEM HAS KERNEL
WHICH IS "ONE OF THE KERNEL" WHICH IS ONLY USED/SUPPORTED BY SOME
OTHER OPERATING SYSTEM, AND THAT OPERATING SYSTEM NAME IS "MAC OS".
"MAC-OPERATING
SYSTEM" USES THIS BSD's KERNEL".
WINDOWS
2003 SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM:
1)
STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO INSTALL
AT LEAST ONE SERVER BASED OPERATING SYSTEM EDITION.
2)
ACTIVE DIRECTORY IS CAME INTO
THIS SERVER EDITION FULLY.
ACTIVE
DIRECTORY: ACTIVE DIRECTORY IS THAT FEATURE OF
MICROSOFT WINDOWS WHICH MADE MICROSOFT QUITE COMPARABLE OS THAN THOSE OTHER
SERVERS.
REDHAT: RED OPERATING SYSTEM IS A
DISTRIBUTION OF LINUX.
IN THIS 3 OPERATING SYSTEM COMES. A)
RED-HAT. B) SuSE C) UBANTU.
THEIR NAMES ARE DIFFERENT BECAUSE THEIR
DISTRIBUTIONS OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE DIFFERENT.
BUT THESE ALL THREE OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMS.
RED-HAT
OPERATING SYSTEM
1)
THIS IS LINUX's FIRST POPULER
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM.
2)
RED-HAT BELONGS TO US (UNITED
STATES).
3)
FOR ENTERPRISE, THIS OPERATING
SYSTEM IS BEST.
(ENTERPRISE MEANS DOING ENTERPRISE
PROGRAMMING, AND DOING ENTERPRISE PROGRAMMING MEANS MULTI NATIONAL COMPANIES
LIKE MICROSOFT, NVIDIA, INTEL ETC THEY ALL DOES CENTRALLISED PROGRAMMING i.e.
WRITING A CODE CENTRALISE, ACCESSING DATA CENTRALISE, AND RUNS THEIR CODES ON
THERE OWN MACHINE ALSO AND ON CENTRALISED MACHINE ALSO.) THIS IS NOTHING BUT
CENTRALISED PROGRAMMING AND WHICH IS NOTHING BUT ENTERPRISE PROGRAMMING.SO,
THIS OPERATING SYSTEM DOES THIS ALL TASKS VERY NEATELY AND CLEALRY. OTHER LINUX
ALSO DOES THAT BUT NOT AS MUCH BEST LEVEL AS RED-HAT.
4) THIS OPERATING
SYSTEM's FEATURES NEEDS TO BE CONFIGURED LIKE MEDIA PLAYER, ETC.
(FOR EXAMPLE, RED-HAT HAVE MEDIA PLAYER,
BUT NOT BY-DEFAULT, THEY NEED TO CONFIGURE IT MANUALLY).
4)
RED-HAT AND FEDORA ARE SAME
OPERATING SYSTEMS. AFTER RED-HAT VERSION 9, THE FEDORA VERSION CAME INTO
MARKET.(FEDORA CORE 1,2,.. 10, 11, 12,13).
SUSe
OPERATING SYSTEM:
1)
SUSe OS BELONGS TO UROPE.
2)
SUSe IS GOOD/OR BETER THAN RED-HAT FROM
GOKHALE SIR's POINT OF VIEW.
3)
SUSe HAVING EVERYTHING. FOR EX.
MOST OF THE FAETURES ARE BY DEFAULT IN SUSe. LIKE, MEDIA PLAYER. (THERE IS NO
NEED TO CONFIGURE EACH AND EVERYTHING IN THIS OPERATING SYSTEM LIKE RED-HAT
DOES WHICH NEED MOST OF THE FEATURES CONFIGURED).
ALSO GRAPHICS CARD, OR FAN, OR PEN DRIVE,
OR DATA CARD ETC ARE BY-DEFAULT DETECTS BY THIS OPERATING SYSTEM, WHICH MAY/OR
MAY NOT BE DETECTED OR DETECTS/RUN BY DEFAULT IN RED HAT OR OTHER OPERATING
SYSTEM.
4) IN SUSe, MOST OF THE
FEATURES ARE BY DEFAULT, NO NEED TO CONFIGURE EACH AND EVERYTHING LIKE RED-HAT.
UBANTU OPERATING SYSTEM:
1) UBANTU IS A "COMMUNITY DRIVEN
LINUX".
"COMMUNITY DRIVEN LINUX" MEANS:
THIS OS IS FOR STUDENTS. SO IF ANY STUDENT HAVE ANY DIFICULTY ON PERFORMING
OPERATIONS ON THIS OS AND IF HE MAIL THAT QUERY/QUESTION TO THEM ON THEIR SITE
UBANTU.ORG, HE WILL DEFINITLY GOING TO GET BACK THE RESULT IN NEXT 24 HOURS, OR
48 HOURS FOR SURE.
LIKE WINDOWS OR ANY OTHER OS, LINUX IS
ALSO OF TWO TYPES LIKE "DESKTOP LEVEL" AND "SERVER LEVEL".
DESKTOP LEVEL LINUX IS FOR END USERS WHICH
ALSO SUPPORTS SOME FEATURES OF DEVELOPERS LEVEL/SERVER LEVEL" OS ALSO, FOR
EXAMPLE "ENTERPRISE PROGRAMMING"
EXT2:
EXTENDED 2 FILE SYSTEM
REISER
FS: RIESER FILE SYSTEM.
FOR LINUX, MAIN FILE SYSTEM IS EXT2.
JFS:
JOURNELLED FILE SYSTEM.
WINDOWS
7 OPERATING SYSTEM:
1)
RICHEST OPERATING SYSTEM BY
MICROSOFT NOW.
2)
LATEST WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEM.
3)
MICROSOFT WINDOWS CHANGED THEIR
WINDOWS XP's BOOT LOADER IN THIS WINDOWS 7 OPERATING SYSTEM.
BOOTLOADERS
OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS:
WINDOWS XP's BOOTLOADER IS: NTLDR. (NEW
TECHNOLOGY BOOT LOADER)
WINDOWS
2003's BOOTLOADER IS: NTLDR. (NEW TECHNOLOGY BOOT
LOADER)
WINDOWS
VISTA's BOOT LOADER IS: BCD (BOOT CONFIGURATION
DATA)/OR BOOTMGR (BOOT MANAGER).
WINDOWS
7's BOOTLOADER IS: BCD/OR BOOTMGR (BOOT MANAGER).
BCD (BOOT CONFIGURATION DATA) CONTAINS THE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE HARDWARE. FOR EX. HDD, RAM, ETC. AND BOOTMGR (BOOT
MANAGER) CONTAINS THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOOTLOADERS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS.
(PLEASE NOTE THAT BCD AND BOOTMGR ARE
TOTALLY DIFFERENT).
WINDOWS
7 FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
NTFS:
NEW TECHNOLOGY FILE SYSTEM
MACINTOSH
OPERATING SYSTEM:
MAC
OPERATING SYSTEM FILE SYSTEM FORMATS.
HFS: HEIRARCHIEAL FILE SYSTEM. &
HFS+: HIERARCHICAL FILE SYSTEM (NEXT VERSION OF HFS WHICH IS A
CASE SENSITIVE).
MAC OS-X BELONGS TO APPLE COMPUTERS/ OR
APPLE HARDWARE.
1)
THIS IS THE BEST OPERATING
SYSTEM BY APPLE COMPUTERS. - FROM GOKHALE SIR's POINT OF VIEW.
2)
THIS OS IS FOR "ART"
PEOPLE.
3)
THIS OS IS NOT A COPIED VERSION.
RATHER THEIR FEATURES ARE NOT COPIED FEATURES LIKE (((("windows")))).
4)
MAC OS RUNS ON iPHONE
ALSO.(ACTUALLY iPHONE RUNS ON iOS, BUT iOS IS NOTHING BUT EMBEDDED VERION OF
MAC OPERATING SYSTEM).
5)
IT IS THE ONLY OPERATING SYSTEM
IN THE WORLDS WHICH RUNS ON TWO KERNELS. I.e. THIS OPERATING SYSTEM HAS TWO
KERNELS.
ONE IS BSD's KERNEL NAME IS: XNU: (XNU
LONG FORM IS: X IS NOT UNIX, AGAIN "X" STANDS FOR XNU....) (THIS IS
CALLED AS "RECURSIVE ACRONYME").(THIS KERNEL IS DEVELOPED BY BERCLAY
SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION (BSD).). EXCEPT THIS OS, ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM HAS ONE
AND ONLY ONE KERNEL.
AND SECOND KERNEL NAME IS: MACH-O (THIS
KERNEL IS DEVELOPED BY KERNIGH MILLAN UNIVERSITY)
MAC OPERATING SYSTEM IS SO FAMOUS BECAUSE
OF ITS GRAPHICS. THIS OPERATING SYSTEM's GRAPHICS IS "ANTI ALLIESED
FLUID" GRAPHICS.(CLEAR-CUT/ OR PRAVAHI GRAPHICS). THIS GRAPHICS FIRST CAME
IN MAC OS. THEN OTHER OS'ES. SAME GRAPHICS CAN BE SEEN IN MANDRIC OS ALSO. THIS
TYPE OF GRAPHICS NEEDS ONE OF THE KERNEL THAT KERNEL NAME IS
"MICROKERNEL".
KERNEL
TYPES:
A)
MICROKERNEL:
(ALL EXE'S ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH EACH
OTHER THROUGH CENTRAL EXE. THROUGH WHICH CONNECTIONS AND MESSAGE PASSING ARE
DONE WITH EACH OTHER. THIS TYPE OF KERNEL IS KNOWN AS MICROKERNEL)
B)
MONOLITHIC KERNEL.
ALL EXE'S ARE COMBINED AND FORMED ONE
COMMON EXE. OR A COMMON PART IS CALLED AS MONOLITHIC KERNEL.
THIS MONOLITHIK KERNEL IS BECAUSE OF ITS
ROBUSTNESS. THIS KERNEL IS A ROBUST KERNEL OR CRASH PROOF.
6) LATE VIRUS. NO VIRUS
7) RECOVERY FEATURES BY THIS FILE SYSTEM'S
CONTRIBUTION BECAUSE OF FILE SYSTEM "HFS".
HFS:
HEIRARCHIEAL FILE SYSTEM. & HFS+: HIERARCHICAL FILE SYSTEM (NEXT VERSION OF
HFS WHICH IS A CASE SENSITIVE).
ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM's MOTHER IS
"UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM" EXCEPT WINDOWS (BECAUSE OF DOS OPEARATING
SYSTEM). (BUT ACTUALLY SPEAKING, CONCEPTS OF DOS IS ALSO CAME UNDER UNIX
OPERATING SYSTEM, SO THEREFORE, WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM'S MOTHER IS ALSO UNIX
OPERATING SYSTEM)
MAC IS ALSO COMES UNDER UNIX OPERATING
SYSTEM.
(INSTALLING MACHINTOSH MEANS "WE ARE
GOING TO DO A "CRIME" WHICH SHOULD NOT BE DONE"). (WE ARE GOING
TO INSTALL ACTUALLY A HACHINTOSH AND NOT A PROPER MACHINTOSH). (IF WE ARE DONE WITH
A SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION OF HACHINTOSH, WE ARE ACTUALLY THEN RUNNING THIS OS (MACHINTOSH/OR
IN MORE SPECIFIC WORD HACHINTOSH) ON THEN ON SAFE MODE.)
MAC OPERATING SYSTEM NEEDS SATA HARDDISK.
PATA IS NOW A HISTORY NW A DAYS.
WINDOWS
FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
FAT: FILE ALLOCATION TABLE
1)
FAT12: FOR 12BIT MICROPROCESSOR
2)
FAT16: FOR 16BIT MICROPROCESSOR
3)
FAT32: FOR 32BIT MICROPROCESSOR
4)
ExFAT: EXTENDED FAT.(PLEASE NOTE: THIS
FILE SYSTEM "ExFAT" WAS CAME AFTER "FAT32" FILE SYSTEM AND
BEFORE "NTFS" FILE SYSTEM)
5)
NTFS: NEW TECHNOLOGY FILE SYSTEM.
LINUX
FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
1) EXT3: EXTENDED 3 FILE SYSTEM (MAIN FILE
SYSTEM)
SOLARIS
FILE SYSTEM FORMAT:
ZFS: ZETABYTE FILE SYSTEM.
BSD
FILE SYSTEM:
UFS: UNIX FILE SYSTEM.
RED-HAT
FILE SYSTEM:
EXT3: EXTENDED 3 FILE SYSTEM
SUSe
FILE SYSTEM:
EXT3: EXTENDED 3 FILE SYSTEM
UBANTU
FILE SYSTEM:
EXT3: EXTENDED 3 FILE SYSTEM
ALL THESE ABOVE THREE OPERATING SYSTEMS (RED-HAT,
SUSe, and UBANTU) USES THIS "EXT3" FILE SYSTEM FORMATS.
SIMILLARLY LINUX HAS 3 MORE FILE SYSTEM
FORMATS AS:
1)
EXT2, 2) REISER FS AND 3) JFS
EXT2:
EXTENDED 2 FILE SYSTEMS (THIS IS MAIN FILE SYSTEM
FOR LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM). (BUT WE CAN USE OTHER EXT3 FILE SYSTEM ALSO).
REISER
FS: REISER FILE SYSTEM.
JFS:
JOURNALLED FILE SYSTEM.
LINUX'S MAIN FILE SYSTEM FORMAT IS
"EXT3".
MAC
OS FILE SYSTEM FORMATS:
1) HFS: HIERARCHIAL FILE
SYSTEM.
2)
HFS+: HIERARCHICAL FILE SYSTEM PLUS (NEXT VERSION OF HFS).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
HARD
CODED RULES/IMPORTANT RULES FOR INSTALLING AN OPERATING SYSTEM INTO THE
MACHINE:
1)
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM:
A)
IF WE WANT TO INSTALL ONLY ONE "WINDOWS" OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT
MUST INSTALL ON "FIRST" PARTITION AND ON "PRIMARY"
PARTITIONS. (HERE, FIRST AND PRIMARY BOTH ARE DIFFERENT WORDS).
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL "ONLY ONE WINDOWS" OPERATING SYSTEM THEN IT MUST
BE INSTALLED ON FIRST PARTITION AND PRIMARY PARTITION.(BECAUSE, WINDOWS SOME
FILES SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN ATLEAST FIRST 1MB PARTITION. (SOME FILES LIKE FOR
EXAMPLE: BOOTLOADER FILE, KERNEL FILE, BOOTSECTOR FILE ETC.)).BECAUSE THESE
FILES SHOULD BE WRITTEN BEFORE 1MB OF HDD's FIRST PRIMARY PARTITIONS
B)
IF WE WANT TO INSTALL MORE THAN ONE VERSIONS OF WINDOWS/OR "MULTIPLE
VERSIONS OF WINDOWS" THEN ONE MUST FOLLOW THIS FIRST RULE i.e. AT LEAST
ONE WINDOWS VERSION HAS TO INSTALL ON "FISRT" AND ON "PRIMARY
PARTITIONS". REST ALL CAN INSTALL EITHER ON "PRIMARY PARTITIONS"
OR ON "LOGICAL PARTITIONS".
2)
SOLARIS OPERATING SYSTEM:
A)
IF WE WANT TO INSTALL "SOLARIS" OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT MUST
INSTALL ON THAT PARTITION WHICH IS A PRIMARY PARTITION. IT DOES NOT TROUBLE
LIKE WINDOWS. IT CAN BE INSTALLED ON ANY PARITION BUT THAT MUST BE A PRIMARY
PARTITION.
B) Its
PARTITION OF BOOTING PROCESS SHOULD START BEFORE 1024 CYLINDER BOUNDRY/OR 8GB.
FORMATION OF HARDDISKS: (CHS) (C: CYLINDER
H: HEAD S: SECTOR).
(CYLINDER --> HEAD --> SECTOR -->
PLATTER --> THEN HARDDISK)
SO IN SHORT, IF WE WANT TO INSTALL
"SOLARIS" THEN IT MUST INSTALL ON PRIMARY PARTITION AND ITS BOOTING
PROCESS MUST BE INSTALLED ON 1024 CYLINDER BOUNDRY. AND 1024 CYLINDER BOUNDRY
IS NEARLY EQUAL TO 8GB.
8GB: 1024 CYLINDER * 256 HEADS * 63
SECTORS * 512 (SINCE ONE SECTOR SIZE IS 512 BYTES) i.e.
1024 * 256 * 63 * 512 = 8455716864 BYTES
DIVIDING BY 1024 WE GET IT IN KILOBYTE: i.e.
8455716864\1024=8257536KB
AGAIN DIVIDING THIS NUMBER BY 1024 WE GET
IT IN MEGABYTE: i.e.
8257536\1024=8064MB
AGAIN DIVIDING THIS NUMBER BY 1024 WE GET
IT IN GIGABYTE: i.e.
8064\1024=7.875GB, WHICH IS NEARLY EQUAL
TO 8GB.
3)
PC-BSD OPERATING SYSTEM:
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL "PC-BSD" OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT MUST BE
INSTALLED ON "PRIMARY PARTITION". IT DOES NOT TROUBLE LIKE WINDOWS
AND SOLARIS OPERATING SYSTEMS.
(ONE
THING IS COMMON IN ALL THESE THREE OPERATING MENTIONED ABOVE i.e. WINDOWS,
SOLARIS AND PC-BSD IS THAT ALL OF THEM REQUIRE PRIMARY PARTITION).
(ONE
SMALL BUT IMPORTANT HISTORY: WHEN "PERSONAL COMPUTER's" FIRST
OPERATING SYSTEM WAS BOOTING, THEN THAT TIME, ONE SCHEMA IS FOLLOWED AT THAT
TIME THAT SCHEME IS KNOWN AS "FDISK SCHEME").
MASTER
BOOT RECORD’S (MBR)’S FDISK SCHEME RULES:
1) WE CAN CREATE ONLY 4
PRIMARY PARTITIONS.
2) ONE OF PARTITIONS OF HDD'S
MAXIMUM SIZE IS 2TB. (BECAUSE THIS SCHEME DOESNOT SUPPORT HDD's WHOSE
PARTITIONS SIZE IS BEYOND/GREATER THAN 2TB).
3) THEN ALSO IF WE WANT TO
CREATE A PARTITION WHOSE SIZE IS GREATER THAN 2TB, OR MORE THAN 3 PRIMARY
PARTITIONS, THEN AT THAT TIME, MAKE 4TH PRIMARY PARTITION AS AN "EXTENDED
PARTITION" IN WHICH WE CAN CREATE MANY "LOGICAL PARTITIONS" IN
THIS EXTENDED PRIMARY PARTITIONS.
PARTITIONS
2 TYPES:
A)
PRIMARY PARTITIONS
B)
SECODARY/OR LOGICAL PARTITIONS.
AND IF WE WANT TO CREATE A SECONDORY/OR
LOGICAL PARTITIONS, THEN WE HAVE TO CREATE FIRST EXTENDED PARTITION AND THEN
FROM THIS, WE CAN CREATE LOGICAL/SECONDARY PARTITIONS.
4) WE MUST WRITE A PROGRAM (i.e. THROUGH
INSTALLING OS) CALLED AS "BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM" ON HDD'S FIRST 1024
BYTES --> FIRST 512 --> FIRST 446 --> 440 PARTITION. IN THERE, A
PROGRAM HAS TO BE WRITTEN THAT PROGRAM IS CALLED AS "BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM".
(SO IN SHORT, HDD's FIRST 1024 BYTES, FROM
THIS, FIRST 512 BYTES, FROM THIS, FIRST 446 BYTES, FROM THIS, 440 (BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM), THIS PROGRAM IS LOCATED IN THIS 440BYTES MEMORY).
AND THE OPERATING SYSTEM IS ACTUALLY BOOT
FROM THIS 440BYTES MEMORY. I.e. BOOTING OF OPERATING SYSTEM ACTUALLY STARTS ITS
BOOTING FROM THIS 440BYTES LOCATION BY A PROGRAM CALLED AS "BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM".
SO, WE CAN INSTALL MULTIPLE OPERATING
SYSTEM BY ALLOWING INSTALL MANY "BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM" CORROSPONDING TO
THEIR OWN PARTITIONS. SO EACH OPERATING SYSTEM HAS THEIR OWN PARTITION, AND HAS
THEIR OWN BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM.
ONE OPERATING SYSTEM CAN NOT HAVE MORE
THAN ONE BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM. EVERY OPERATING SYSTEM HAS THEIR OWN SEPARATE
BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM.
4)
WINDOWS-7 OPERATING SYSTEM:
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL ONLY ONE "WINDOWS" OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT MUST
INSTALL ON "FIRST" AND ON "PRIMARY" PARTITIONS. (HERE,
FIRST AND PRIMARY BOTH ARE DIFFERENT WORDS).
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL "ONLY ONE WINDOWS" OPERATING SYSTEM THEN IT MUST
BE INSTALLED ON FIRST PRIMARY PARTITION.
(BECAUSE,
WINDOWS SOME FILES SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN ATLEAST FIRST 1MB PARTITION. (SOME
FILES LIKE FOR EXAMPLE: BOOTLOADER FILE, KERNEL FILE, BOOTSECTOR FILE ETC.)).
BECAUSE THESE FILES SHOULD BE WRITTEN BEFORE 1MB OF HDD's FIRST PRIMARY
PARTITIONS
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL MORE THAN ONE VERSIONS OF WINDOWS/OR "MULTIPLE VERSIONS
OF WINDOWS" THEN ONE MUST FOLLOW THIS FIRST RULE i.e. AT LEAST ONE WINDOWS
VERSION HAS TO INSTALL ON "FISRT" AND ON "PRIMARY
PARTITIONS". REST ALL CAN INSTALL EITHER ON "PRIMARY PARTITIONS"
OR ON "LOGICAL PARTITIONS".
5)
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM:
IF
WE WANT TO INSTALL "LINUX" OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT CAN BE INSTALLED
ON ANY TYPE OF PARTITIONS. IT CAN BE INSTALLED ON PRIMARY PARTITIONS, IT CAN BE
INSTALLED ON EXTENDED PARTITION, IT CAN BE INSTALLED ON EXTENDED'S LOGICAL
PARTITIONS, ETC. SO THEREFORE LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM IS SO BEUTIFUL, SO
LOVEBLE, SO USERFRIENDLY, SO SECURE,SO NICE, SO ETC.. ETC.
6) MAC OPERATING SYSTEM:
A) IF WE WANT TO INSTALL MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM, THEN IT MUST
INSTALL ON "FIRST" PARTITION AND ON "PRIMARY" PARTITIONS.
(HERE, FIRST AND PRIMARY BOTH ARE DIFFERENT WORDS).
B) MAC MUST REQUIRE SATA HARDDISKS.
"CPU" BOOTS "BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM" -> "BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM" BOOTS "KERNEL" AND
KERNEL IS SIMILLAR TO OS (i.e. RATHER KERNEL IS OS AND OS IS KERNEL) AND SO
WHILE BOOTING FINALLY CPU BRINGS ACTUALLY OS/KERNEL FROM HDD's TO MEMORY/RAM
THROUGH THIS PROCESS. I.e. BOOTING OF "BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM" PROCESS
STARTS, i.e. BOOTING OF "KERNEL" PROGRAM STARTS i.e. BOOTING OF
WHILE INSTALLING MULTIPLE OPERATING
SYSTEM, OPERATING SYSTEM GIVES TO USER THE CHOICES THAT WHICH OPERATING SYSTEM
YOU/OR USER WANT TO/ OR GOING TO BOOT/SELECT.
THE REMAINING 512 BYTES (HDD'S FIRST 1024
BYTES's LAST 512 BYTES) FROM HDD'S 1024 BYTES ARE RESERVERD FOR A PROGRAM
CALLED AS "BOOTLOADER", WHICH GIVES OPTIONS TO USER THAT WHICH
OPERATING USER WANTS TO BOOT, OR IN MORE SPECIFIC WORD IT GIVES THE OPTIONS TO
USER THAT WHICH BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM USER WANTS TO BOOT ACTUALLY. THAT PROGRAM IS
NOTHING BUT "BOOTLOADER".
THIS "BOOTLOADER" SHOULD BE KEPT
BEFORE HDD'S FIRST 1024 BYTES's LAST 512 BYTES.
AND FINALLY HARDDISKS FIRST 1024 BYTES ARE
CALLED AS "BOOT SECTOR".
I.e. BOOT SECTOR IS THAT SECTOR WHICH NOT
ONLY HAS "BOOTSTRAP" PROGRAM, BUT ALSO HAS "BOOTLOADER"
PROGRAM.
1024=512+512, 512=440+4+2+64+2, 512-440=72,
72= 4+2+64+2
FIRST 440 BYTE: BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM.
4 BYTE: HDD's BINARY SIGNATURE / EX.
SEAGATE's SIGNATURE, TOSHIBA's SIGNATURE IN BINARY FORMAT.
2 BYTE: NULL (ACTUAL NULL)
64 BYTE: PARTITION TABLE (VERY
IMPORTANT)(HERE IN THIS, EACH PARTITIONS ENTRY ARE PUTTED IN THIS TABLE
PARTITION TABLE).(IF WE LOSS THIS PARITION TABLE, THEN WE LOSS EVERYTHING
INCLUDING OS).
2 BYTE: FDISK SIGNATURE 0xaa55 (FDISK
SCHEME's OWN SIGNATURE).
I.e. 512=440=4=2+64+2
AND THE REMAINING 512 BYTES FROM FIRST
1024 BYTES's NEXT 512 BYTE ARE CALLED AS "BOOTLOADER" PROGRAM.
AND HDD's PARTITIONS FIRST 1024 BYTES ARE
CALLED AS "BOOTSECTOR/BOOTBLOCK".
OPERATING
SYSTEM's BOOTLOADER NAME LISTS:
EVERY OPERATING SYSTEM HAS THEIR OWN BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM AND BOOTLOADER BUT WE SHOULD INSTALL THAT BOOTLOADER WHO SHOULD IDENTFY
ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
AND THE BOOTLOADER WHICH
INCORPORATE/IDENTIFY ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE CALLED AS “GRUB" (GR:
GRAND U: UNIFIED B: BOOTLOADER) WHICH IS ACTUALLY A LINUX's BOOTLOADER. LINUX
HAS ALSO ONE MORE ANOTHER BOOTLOADER CALLED AS "LILO" (LINUX LOADER).
LINUX
OPERATING SYSTEMS BOOTLOADER:
1)
GRUB: GRAND UNIFIED BOOTLOADER.
2)
LILO: LINUX LOADER.
WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEMS BOOTLOADER
1)
WINDOWS 98 BOOTLOADER: MSDOS.SYS
2)
WINDOWS BOOTLOADER(TILL WINDOWS
VISTA) NAME IS : NTLDR.(NEW
TECHNOLOGY LOADER)
WINDOWS VISTA AND WINDOWS 7 BOOTLOADER
NAME IS: BCD/OR BOOTMGR. (BOOT CONFIGURATION DATA)/OR BOOT MANAGER.
BCD (BOOT CONFIGURATION DATA): CONTAINS
THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE HARDWARE. FOR EX. HDD, RAM, ETC. AND BOOTMGR (BOOT
MANAGER): CONTAINS THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOOTLOADERS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS.
(PLEASE NOTE THAT BCD BOOTLOADER AND
BOOTMGR BOOTLOADER ARE TOTALLY DIFFERENT WITH EACH OTHER).
PC-BSD/OR
BSD's OPEARATING SYSTEM's BOOTLOADER
PC-BSD/OR BSD's OPEARATING SYSTEM's
BOOTLOADER NAME IS: BTX
(BooTeXtended).
ACTUAL SOLARIS BOOTLOADER NAME IS: SILO
(SPARC IMPROVED LOADER) (BUT HERE, IN THIS SEMINAR, WE ARE GOING TO INSTALL
LINUX's BOOTLOADER i.e. GRUB).
MACHINOTSH'S
BOOTLOADER
PROPER/ACTUAL MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM's
BOOTLOADER NAME IS: BOOTCAMP.
HACHINTOSH/NOT PROPER MACHINTOSH
BOOTLOADER NAME IS: CHAMELEON (WE ARE GOING TO USE THIS BOOTLOADER SINCE WE ARE
NOT USING PROPER APPLE HARDWARE).(ACTUALLY "CHAMELEON" IS A PACKAGE
OF BOOTLOADER, THE ACTUAL BOOTLOADER WHOSE NAME IS "DARWIN")
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICAL:
"BIOS" CAN BE SEEN IN OUR
COMPUTER BY PRESSING "F2" OR "DEL" BUTTON.
SCREEN WILL BE SEEN AS:
BOOT FROM:
1)
CD/DVD ROM
2)
HDD
WHILE DOING PARTITIONS, WE SHOULD BOOT
FROM BOOTABLE CD/DVD NAMES AS "GPARTED CD". "GPARTED"
MEANS: G STANDS FOR GNU; PART STANDS FOR PARTITION ED STANDS FOR EDITOR. (I.e.
THE EDITOR WHICH CAN DO PARTITIONS OF HDD's)
NOW AFTER BOOTING GPARTED CD, GUI COMES,
THEN SELECT THE PROPER ENTRIES AS FOLLOWS.
1)
WINDOWS XP PARTITION: SELECT
PARTITION AS "PRIMARY PARTITION" AND FILE SYSTEM FORMAT AS
"FAT32".
2)
OPEN SOLARIS PARTITION: SELECT
PARTITION AS "PRIMARY PARTITION" AND FILE SYSTEM FORMAT AS
"EXT3" (BUT ACTUALLY SOLARIS's FILE SYSTEM FORMAT IS
"ZFS"?) ANS:
3)
PC-BSD: SELECT PARTITION AS
"PRIMARY PARTITION" AND FILE SYSTEM FORMAT AS "EXT3".( NOW
ONWORDS, WE ARE GOING TO INSTALL OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS ON EXTENDED PARTITION
WHICH IS NOTHING BUT PRIMARY PARTITION IN WHICH WE ARE GOING TO CREATE AS MUCH
LOGICAL/SECONDARY PARTITIONS AS WE REQUIRED. SO
4)
WINDOWS 7 PARTITION: SELECT
PARTITION AS "EXTENDED PARTITION" AND FILE SYSTEM FORMAT AS
"NTFS".
5)
SUSe: SELECT PARTITION AS "EXTENDED PARTITION"
AND FILE SYSTEM FORMAT AS "EXT3".
6)
SWAP: SELECT FILE SYSTEM FORMAT
AS "LINUX-SWAP".
7)
PATA_DATA : SELECT PARTITION AS
"EXTENDED PARTITION" AND SELECT FILE SYSTEM AS "NTFS"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A)
SELECT "INSTALL OPEN
SOLARIS" OPTION. AND CLICK ON NEXT.
B)
THE NEXT SCREEN SHOWS SCREEN
WITH TITLE "Disk" ASKING YOU "WHERE SHOLD OPEN SOLARIS BE
INSTALLED?" (SELECT THE PROPER DISK AND THEN FROM THAT DISK SELECT 2nd
OPTION ON THE SCREEN "PARTITION THE DISK" AND BELOW THAT IT SHOWS 4
COMBO BOXEX.)
C)
THE FIRST COMBO BOX SHOWS
"Ext WIN95", SECOND COMBO BOX SHOWS "LINUX NATIVE" CLICKS
ON IT AND SELECT "SOLARIS" PARTITION TYPE. AND THEN CLICK ON NEXT.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECOND AUDIO CLIP:
MBR (MASTER BOOT RECORD) PARTITIONING
SCHEME (i.e. FDISK SCHEME).
FIRST 512 BYTES = 440 + 4 + 2 + 64 + 2
440 BYTES: BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM.
4 BYTES: HDD's BINARY SIGNATURE / EX.
SEAGATE's SIGNATURE, TOSHIBA's SIGNATURE IN BINARY FORMAT.
2 BYTE: NULL (ACTUAL NULL)
64 BYTE: PARTITION TABLE (VERY
IMPORTANT)(HERE IN THIS, EACH PARTITIONS ENTRY ARE PUTTED IN THIS TABLE
PARTITION TABLE). (IF WE LOSS THIS PARITION TABLE, THEN WE LOSS EVERYTHING
INCLUDING OS).
2 BYTE: FDISK SIGNATURE 0xaa55 (FDISK SCHEME's
OWN SIGNATURE).
I.e. 512=440=4=2+64+2
PARTITION TABLE: 64 BYTES
SO EACH PARTITION, i.e. IN MORE SPECIFIC WORD, EACH PRIMARY
PARTITION(THERE ARE TOTAL 4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS AMONG THEM, 3 ARE ACTUAL PRIMARY
PARTITIONS AND LAST REMAINING 1 PARTITION IS EXTENDED PARTITION WHICH IS ITSELF
AS A PRIMARY PARTITION) GETS 16 BYTES. (I.e. 64/4=16) BYTES, SO FORMATION OF
EACH PRIMARY PARTITION's OF 16 BYTES/OR PARTITION MAP IS AS FOLLOWS.
1 BYTE + 3 BYTES + 1 BYTE + 3 BYTES + 4
BYTES + 4 BYTES = 16 BYTES
IN FDISK SCHEME, THIS PARTITIONING SCHEME
IS CALLED AS "MBR" (MASTER BOOT RECORD).
64 BYTES (16*4) SO WE HAVE 4 PRIMARY
PARTITIONS (3 PRIMARIES + 1 EXTENDED PARTITION, WHICH IS ITSELF AS PRIMARY
PARTITION)
16 BYTES ACTUAL FORMATION/OR PARTITION MAP:
(1 BYTE + 3 BYTES + 1 BYTE + 3 BYTES + 4 BYTES + 4 BYTES = 16 BYTES).
1)
1 BYTE: THIS BYTE TELLS WHETHER
PARTITION IS "ACTIVE PARTITION" OR NOT "ACTIVE PARTITION".
2)
3 BYTE: IT GIVES CHS (CYLINDER,HEAD,SECTOR)
OF HARDDISK's FIRST BLOCK(HDD IS MADE UP OF BYTES AND SECTORS, AND SECTOR IS
MADE UP OF BLOCK, BLOCK IS MADE UP OF PLATTERS ETC).i.e. IT GIVES PARTITIONS
STARTING BLOCK OF CHS.
3)
1 BYTE: TYPE OF THE FILE
SYSTEM.(YES, BUT IT IS NOT SHOWN IN WORDS, BUT RATHER IT IS MENTIONED IN
HEDECIMAL BYTE SYSTEM FORMAT).
4)
3 BYTE: IT GIVES PARTITIONS
ENDING BLOCK OF CHS (CYLINDER, HEAD, and SECTOR).
5)
4 BYTE: IT GIVES PARTITIONS
BLOCKS LBA.(LBA: L:LOGICAL B:BLOCK A:ADDRESS)
6)
4 BYTE: IT GIVES NUMBER OF
LOGICAL BLOCK ADDRESSES IN A HDD.
MILLION
DOLLER RULE:
IF
WE HAVE ANY "N" NUMBER OF OPERATING SYSTEMS, THE ONLY THAT OPERATING
SYSTEM WILL BOOT WHOSE PARTITION IS AN ACTIVE PARTITION. AND, IN HDD, ONE AND
ONLY ONE PARTITION WILL BE ACTIVE AT ONE TIME.
IN HDD, WE CAN MAKE PARTITION AS AN ACTIVE
PARTITION BY USING TWO WAYS:
1) THROUGH HARDWARE/OR
HARDWARE WISE ACTIVE PARTITION:
(CREATING HDD PARTITION AS AN ACTIVE USING
"DISK SECTOR" IS CALLED AS HARDWARE WISE ACTIVE PARTITION.) (I.e. IN
SHORT, DOING PARTITION AS AN ACTIVE PARTITION "NOT USING/THROUGH"
BOOTLOADER, IT IS CALLED AS HARDWARE WISE ACTIVE PARTITION).
2) THROUGH SOFTWARE/OR
SOFTWARE WISE ACTIVE PARTITION.
MAKING HDD PARTITION AS AN ACTIVE
PARTITION USING "GRUB", IT IS CALLED AS SOFTWARE WISE ACTIVE
PARTITION.(i.e. IN SHORT, DOING PARTITION AS AN ACTIVE PARTITION THROUGH
BOOTLOADER, IT IS CALLED AS SOFTWARE WISE ACTIVE PARTITION).
WE CAN SEE WHICH PARTITION IS "ACTIVE
PARTITION" AND WHICH IS "NOT ACTIVE PARTITION" BY USING
FOLLOWING DETAILS:
1)
0x80: MEANS ACTIVE PARTITION.
2)
0x00: MEANS NOT ACTIVE
PARTITION.
MBR: MASTER BOOT RECORD.
MBR = BOOTSECTOR (BS) + PARTITION TABLE
(PT)
MBR HAS THE FOLLOWING CONTENTS:
1)
BOOTSTRAP
2)
VENDOR SIGNATURE
3)
PARTITION TABLE
4)
NULL
5)
FDISK SIGNATURE(0xAA55) ,
1ST BYTE IS RESERVERD FOR ACTIVE
PARTITION.IF WE HAVE AS MANY OPERATING SYSTEM AS WE HAVE, THE ONLY ONE OPERATING
SYSTEM WILL BOOT, WHOSE PARTITION IS AN "ACTIVE PARTITION"AND ON HDD,
ONE AND ONLY ONE PARTITION/OS WILL BE ACTIVE AT ONE TIME.
A PARTITION WHICH DOES NOT HAVE BOOTSTRAP
PROGRAM IS CALLED AS NON-BOOTABLE
PARTITION.
FOR EXAMPLE IN THIS OUR HDD:
A)
EXTENDED PARTITION IS NOT A
BOOTABLE PARTITION.
B)
SWAP PARTITION IS NOT A
BOOTABLE PARTITION.
C)
PATA_DATA PARTITION IS NOT A
BOOTABLE PARTITION.
DOS SUPPORTS 16 LOGICAL DRIVES IN EXTENDED
PARTITION. AND WINDOWS SUPPORTS 128 LOGICAL PARTITIONS, AND GPARTED SUPPORTS 200
AND ABOVE
8088: PC-XT (NO HDD)
8088: PC-AT (HDD COMES INTO PICTURE). THAT
TYPE OF HARDDISK WAS CALLED AS PATA (PARALLEL ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENTS) IDE
(INTEGRAL/INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONIC)
HARDDISKS
TYPES:
1)
PATA: PARALLEL ATA. (PARALLEL AT
ATTACHMENT):
A)
THIS TYPE OF HARDDISK IS ALSO
CALLED AS "IDE" (INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS).
B)
MAXIMUM SIZE OF PATA HARDDISK IS 2TB.
C)
THIS IS SLOW AS COMPARED TO
SATA.
THE WHITE COLOR CABLE INSIDE WHICH IS
HAVING A SOME SMALL WIRES, SO THIS WHITE COLOR CABLE's ONE END IS CONNECTED TO
MOTHERBOARD AND ANOTHER END CONNECTED TO HARDDISK "PARALLELY". SO
THEREFORE IT IS CALLED AS "PATA"(PARALLEL ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
ATTACHMENTS). ("AT" WORD IS LIBERTY WORD CREATED FOR 8080 MACHINE BY
IBM)
2)
SATA: SERIAL ATA. (SERIAL AT ATTACHMENT)
((AT WORD IS LIBERTY WORD CREATED FOR 8080 MACHINE BY IBM)
A)
IT IS ALSO CALLED AS
"SCSI" (SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE).
B)
B) FAST AS COMPARED TO PATA.
3)
SSD: SOLID STATE DRIVE
A)
THIS IS NEW/LATEST TYPES OF
HARDDISK.
B)
LATEST LAPTOPS AND COMPUTERS
HAVE HARDDISK TYPE AS SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE) FOR EXAMPLE. APPLE, SONY'S VIAO,
ETC.
LIVE
CD/DVD:
THE OS WHICH IS IF NOT BOOTING FROM
HARDDISK BUT RATHER IT IS BOOTING FROM CD/DVD, THAT CD/DVD IS CALLED AS LIVE
CD/DVD. THE OS IS ONLY PUTTED ON CD/DVD, BUT WHILE BOOTING, CPU BRINGS THIS OS
FROM CD/DVD TO MEMORY/RAM. I.e. IN SHORT, THIS CD/DVD IS HAVING ITS OWN
BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM, SO THIS CD/DVD IS CALLED AS LIVE CD/DVD.
EPBR:
EXTENDED PARTITION BOOT RECORD.
AS LIKE PRIMARY PARTITION HAVE MBR (MASTER
BOOT RECORD), SIMILLARLY THE EXTENDED PARTITION ASLO HAVE A RECORD CALLED AS
EPBR (I.E. EXTENDED PARTITION BOOT RECORD).
Q. WHY WINDOWS CAN NOT SHOWS/DETECTS LINUX
PARTITIONS BUT LINUX CAN SHOWS/DETECTS LINUX AS WELL AS WINDOWS PARTITIONS?
ANSWER: WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM IS A
COMMERCIAL OPERATING SYSTEM; SO THEREFORE, IT DETECTS ONLY THOSE OPERATING
SYSTEM WHICH IT BELONGS. FOR EXAMPLE. FAT32, NTFS ETC.
BUT, AS USUAL, LINUX IS OPEN SOURCE, SO IT
IS NOT COMMERCIAL, SO IT SUPPORTS ALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM's FILE SYSTEM
FORMATS, FOR EXAMPLE, IT SUPPORTS EXT3, IT SUPPORTS FAT32, NTFS, ANY FILE
SYSTEM FORMAT TYPES (BECAUSE OF GRUB ALSO). SO THEREFORE WINDOWS ONLY DETECTS
THOSE FILE SYSTEMS WHICH IT CAN SUPPORT AND LINUX SUPPORTS ALL THE FILE SYSTEMS.
THEREFORE, WINDOWS CAN NOT SHOWS/DETECTS
LINUX PARTITIONS BUT LINUX CAN SHOWS/DETECTS WINDOWS PARTITIONS ALSO.
BOOT.INI: THIS FILE CONTAINS THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE OPERATING SYSTEMS
WHICH, THE OERATING SYSTEMS ARE AVAILABLE FOR BOOTING BY BOTLOADER (I.e.
NTLDR)(WNIDOWS XP’S BOOTLOADER).
SELECT "CUSTOM INSTALLATION"
WHILE INSTALLING ANY OPERATING SYSTEM.
MOUNT POINT: MOUNT POINT IS THAT DIRECTORY
FROM WHERE FILE SYSTEM BEGINS.
EVERY OPERATING SYSTEM HAS ITS OWN MOUNT
POINT.
IN LINUX, THIS MOUNT POINT IS CALLED AS
"ROOT" OR "/" (FORWARD SLASH).
IN WINDOWS, THIS MOUNT POINT IS CALLED AS
"MY COMPUTER".
HOST CONTROLLER INTERFACE:
USB
VERSIONS AND THIER SPEED ACCORDING TO VERSIONS
1)
USB 1.0 SPEED: 1.5MB/SECOND TO
12 MB/SECOND.
2)
USB 2.0 SPEED: 60MB/SECOND TO
480MB/SECOND.
3)
USB 3.O SPEED: 640MB/SECOND TO
5GB/SECOND (THIS IS A LATEST VERSION OF USB).
ENHANCED HOST CONTROLLER INTERFACE (EHCI):
/ROOT/DEV
IN LINUX:
SATA HARDDISK IS CALLED AS "sd"
AND PATA HARDDISK IS CALLED AS "hd" (THESE ARE IN OLD LINUX).
NOW A DAYS, ALL IN LATEST VERSIONS OF
LINUX, THE HARDDISKS ARE TREATED AS "sd".
IN WINDOWS:
SATA HARDDISK IS CALLED AS "hd"
AND PATA HARDDISK IS CALLED AS "sd".
FDISK-L
VIRTUAL
OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION:
WE CAN HAVE 8 VIRTUAL MACHINE
MANAGERS/SOFTWARES AVAILABLE. THE SOFTWARES ARE:
1)
VIRTUAL BOX.
2)
VMware (OPEN SOURCE FREE
SOFTWARE)
3)
QEmulator
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
OF VIRTUAL OPERATING SYSTEM:
ADVANTAGES:
1)
NO NEED TO REBOOT FOR TWO
OPERATING SYSTEM.
2)
WE CAN HANDEL TWO OPERATING
SYSTEM AT SAME TIME.
3)
CAN BE USEFULL FOR SMALL
PROGRAMMING/WHICH DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY HARDWARE OR DRIVERS /OR GRAPHICS CARD.
DISADVANTAGES:
1)
OPERATING SYSTEMS RUNS LITTLE
BIT SLOW.
2)
WE CAN NOT DO HIGH END GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
BECAUSE HIGH LEVEL GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING REQUIRE HARDWARE NATIVE DRIVERS SO
THEREFORE THSE TWO DIFFERENT OS's DRIVERS WILL NOT BE COMPATIBLE WITH EACH
OTHER.
Q.
WHY HARDDISK SHOWS ITS CAPACITY LESS THAN THE ACTUAL CAPACITY OF HARDDISKS.?
ANSWER:
1) CONVERSION OF SI UNIT INTO
BINARY UNIT, SO DOING ROUDING OFF, SOME BYTES ARE LOST (i.e. STANDARD UNIT TO
BINARY UNIT) EX. 1024 IS CONSIDERED AS 1000KB. (24 BYTES ARE ROUNDED OFF/LOST).
3)
CONVERTING "CHS TO
LBA"
4)
WHILE FORMATTING HDD, WE ARE
NOT ACTUALLY CLEANING THE HDD, BUT WE ARE GOING TO FORMAT/ARRANGEMENT OF HDD AS
PER FORMAT "i.e. CREATING ITS OWN FILE SYSTEM". I.e. IN SHORT
"FORMATTING OVERHEAD"
5)
RESERVERD FOR INODE.
IF HARDDISKS SIZE GREATER THAN 1TB THEN HARDDISK
DETECTED SIZE WILL BE:
DETECTED SIZE = 0.91 * ACTUAL SIZE OF
HARDDISKS.
IF HARDDISKS SIZE LESS THAN 1TB THEN
HARDDISK DETECTED SIZE WILL BE:
DETECTED SIZE = 0.93 * ACTUAL SIZE OF
HARDDISKS.
"ALWAYS INSTALL LOVER VERSION FIRST
THEN UPPER VERSION LATER". (INSTALL LATER... LATER...) FIRST
SELECT/INSTALL LOWEST VERSION AND THEN INSTALL UPPER VERSION AND SO ON...
---------------------------------------------------------------------
FOURTH AUDIO CLIP:
WINDOWS-7
OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION:
X86 ARCHITECHTURE: 8086's ARCHITECTURE's
32BIT VERSION.
64 BIT VERSIONS:
"SELECT 32-BIT INSTALLATION"
"BCDEDIT.EXE" IS A PROGRAM,
WHICH CAN MODIFY THE BCD (BOOT CONFIGURATION DATA) BOOTLOADER.
UBANTU
OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION:
UBANTU COMES IN TWO FLAVOURS:
1)
UBANTU WITH "GNOME" (G: GNU, N: NETWORK, O:
OBJECT, M: MODEL, E: ENVIRONMENT)
2)
UBANTU WITH "KDE" (K: K UBANTU, KOMMON, D :
DESKTOP, E : ENVIRONMENT)
BY
DEFAULT, UBANTU BELONGS TO "GNOME DESKTOP".
THE ACTUAL/MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
"COMMERCIAL OPERATING SYSTEM" (LIKE FOR EXAMPLE: MICROSOFT WINDOWS
OPERATING SYSTEM) AND "OPEN/OR FREE OPERATING SYSTEM" (LIKE FOR
EXAMPLE: LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM) IS THAT:
1) THE COMERCIAL OPERATING SYSTEM (LIKE
FOR EXAMPLE: WINDOWS OS) ALWAYS KEEP THEIR "LOOK AND FEEL/DESKTOP GUI"
ALWAYS "CONSTANT"/OR MORE SPECIFIC WORD "CONSISTENT". (FOR
EXAMPLE: IF WE GO ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD, WE WILL LOOK THAT WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEM's ONLY LANGUAGE WILL VARY, BUT "LOOK AND FEEL"/OR
"DESKTOP GUI" WILL ALWAYS REMAINS SAME OR "CONSISTENT")
2) AS FREE/OPEN OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE FREE
OR OPEN SOURCE, THEIR KERNELS ARE ALSO OPEN SOURCE, SO THE COMPANIES ARE
DESIGNING THEIR OWN GUI USING THIS KERNEL AS THEIR COMMON BASE. SO THEREFORE
THEIR "LOOK AND FEEL/ DESKTOP GUI" MAY VARY ACCORDINGLY.
"UBANTU" LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
IS SPECIAL BECAUSE, IT IS A "COMMUNITY DRIVEN OPERATING SYSTEM".
VIRTUALISATION:
LBA:
LOGICAL BLOCK ADDRESS.
LVM:
LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGER.
THIS IS ONE OF THE PARTITIONING SCHEMES.
WHEN YOU HAVE MULTIPLE HARDDISKS, BUT YOU
WANT TO CLUB THEM TOGHETHER TO FORM AS A SINGLE HARDDISK THEN GO WITH THE
HARDWARE CALLED AS “RAID”
BEST EX: RAID (REDUNDANT ARRAY OF
INEXPENSIVE DISK).
THIS IS A HARDWARE TYPE IN WHICH, WE CAN
ADD MORE THAN ONE HARDDISK AND WE CAN FORM/TREAT IT AS SINGLE HARDDISK.FOR
EXAMPLE : IF WE HAVE 2TB's 5 HARDDISKS, THEN LVM TREAT IT AS 10TB's 1 HARDDISK
AND WILL NOW THE PARTITIONING FROM THIS 10TB HARDDISK TREATING IT AS A SINGLE
HARDDISK..
CD BOOT
CD BOOTSECT.EXT / nt60 ALL / force
nt52: WINDOWS 2000 AND WINDOWS 2003, AND
WINDOWS XP's BOOTSECTOR's NAME OR RATHER BOORLOADER's NAME.
nt60: WINDOWS VISTA's /OR WINDOWS-7's
BOOTSECTOR's NAME OR RATHER BOOTLOADER's NAME.
LIMITATIONS
OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMS:
1)
SWAP PARTITION SHOULB BE DOUBLE
AS THE SIZE OF "RAM". (NOT COMPULSORY).
2)
LINUX's SWAP PARTITION CAN NOT
GROW DYNAMICALLY.
RATHER IN MORE SPECIFIC WORD, PARTITIONS
NEVER GROW DYNAMICALLY.
BUT WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM's
"PAGEFILE.SYS" FILE WHICH ACTS LIKE SWAP PARTITION IN LINUX, CAN GROW
DYNAMICALLY, SO THEREFORE IN WINDOWS THERE IS NO ANY "SWAP
PARTIIONING" AVAILABLE BUT INSTEAD, THEY HAVE PROVIDED US
"PAGEFILE.SYS" NAMED FILE WHICH ACTS LIKE "SWAP PARTITION"
IN LINUX. SO THEREFORE MICROSOFT WINDOWS HAS REMOVED THIS SWAP PARTITIONING
FEATURE FROM THEIR WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM. BUT THEY HAVE INTRODUCED NEW
"FILE FEATURE" WHICH JUST ACTS LIKE SWAP PARTITIONING OF LINUX. THIS
FILE IS CALLED AS "PAGEFILE.SYS". THE ADVANTAGE OF THIS
"PAGEFILE.SYS" FILE IS THAT IT CAN GROW DYNAMICALLY.
AS WE KNOW, LINUX IS THE GREAT OPERATING
SYSTEM,
SWAP PARTITION IS NOT COMPULSORY IN LINUX;
WE CAN CREATE PAGEFILE.SYS FILE IN LINUX ALSO LIKE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM (MAKE
SWAP COMMAND).
VMM:
VIRTUAL MACHINE MANAGER.
Q. WHAT
ACTUALLY DOES THIS VMM?
ANSWER: THIS VMM (VIRTUAL MACHINE MANAGER)
DOES THE CONVERSION OF NATIVE FILE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER FILE SYSTEM AND VICE A
VERSA. FOR EXAMPLE, IT DOES THE CONVERSION OF "NTFS TO NATIVE EXT3"
AND "NATIVE EXT3 TO NTFS" AND VICE A VERSA.
VFF:
VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM:
VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM "CAN NOT" BE
SEEN. THE VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM IS ACTUALLY A CONVERSION OF ONE FILE SYSTEM TO
ANOTHER FILE SYSTEM.
i.e. FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE ARE USING
"WINDOWS 7" OPERATING SYSTEM, AND INSIDE "WINDOWS 7", WE
HAVE A "VIRTUAL MACHINE", WHICH RUNS "SuSE "OPERATING
SYSTEM", AND THEN IF WE ARE RUNNING ANY SuSE's ANY APPLICATION, THEN IT
INTERNALLY CONVERTS SuSE's "NATIVE "EXT3" FILE SYSTEM" INTO
WINDOWS's "NTFS" FILE SYSTEM, AND WINDOWS NATIVE "NTFS"
FILE SYSTEM INTO LINUX "EXT3" FILE SYSTEM. THIS IS NOTHING BUT
"VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM". AND ALL THESE TASKS ARE DONE BY A MANAGER
CALLED AS "VIRTUAL MACHINE MANAGER".
VIRTUAL MACHINE MANAGER (VMM) HAS VIRTAUL
FILE SYSTEM (VFS). BUT VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM (VFS) CAN NOT BE SEEN. THIS IS A
TYPE OF LOGICAL FILE SYSTEM WHICH CONVERTS OTHER OPERATING SYSTEM's FILE SYSTEM
TO OUR OWN OPERATING SYSTEM's FILE SYSTEM, AT RUN TIME/DYNAMICALLY.
WINDOWS's "MY COMPUTER" MEANS LINUX’s
“ROOT" I.e.”/”
AND WINDOWS's BOOT.INI FILE MEANS LINUX's
MENU.LST FILE.
GO ON FOLLOWING PATH:
/BOOT/GRUB/MENU.LST
OPEN THIS "MENU.LST" FILE IN
LINUX's KWRITE EDITOR; LIKE IN WINDOWS WE OPEN THE "BOOT.INI" FILE IN
NOTEPAD EDITOR.
1)
SET THE PROPER TIMEOUT IN
SECONDS.
2)
REMOVE UNWANTED ENTRIES FROM
THIS MENU.LST FILE.
3)
KEEP AS MUCH AS DATA AS WE WANT.
PATTERN:
OPEN SOLARIS 2009 ROOTNOVERIFY sd00
WINDOWS XP ROOTNOVERIFY sd01
ETC...
ETC...
OPEN SOLARIS 2009 ROOTNOVERIFY
BOOTSECT.EXT / nt62 ALL / FORCE
/BOOT/GRUB/MENU.LST
OPEN THIS "MENU.LST" FILE IN
KWRITE EDITOR LIKE WINDOWS NOTEPAD.
CHANGE TIMER AS PER OUR REQUIREMENTS
IN LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM, PARTITIONING OF
HARDDISKS STARTS FROM A NUMBER "1" FOR EX. IF WE ARE DOING
PARTITIONING IN LINUX, THEN THE NUMBER WILL LOOK LIKE, sd1, sd2, sd3, sd4, sd5,
ETC. AND IF CONSIDERING "GRUB's" NUMBERING SYSTEM, sd00 MEANS hd
HARDISKS 0th HARDDISK's 0tH PARTITION. (IF CONSIDERING LINUX NUMBERING, 1sT
HARDDISK's FIRST PARTITION) BUT AT THE SAME TIME, AS CONSIDERING WITH
"GRUB", LIKE ARRAY INDEXING, THE NUMBERING WILL SHOWS AND WILL STARTS
FROM "0" AND NOT FROM "1".
MAKING PHYSICALLY PARTITIONING AS AN
ACTIVE PARTITIONING
ROOTNOVERYFY: MEANING IS THAT ROOTNOVERIFY
MEANS GRUB BY DEFAULT EXPECTS YOUR(YOUR MEANS THE OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH YOU
ARE GOING TO INCORPORATE WHICH THE OS THOUGHT THAT THIS ROOT WILL BE AVAILABLE
IN MBR) BUT ACTUALLY, ROOT WHICH WILL NOT BE AVAILABLE IN MBR, BUT RATHER IT IS
IN SOME DIFFERENT PARTITION OR IN SOME OTHER PARTITION.
EVERY OPERATING SYSTEM HAS "FILE
SYSTEM" AND EVRY OPERATING SYSTEM HAS "ROOT” i.e. "/".
CHAINLOADER:
WHEN ONE PROGRAM BOOTS/LOADS ANOTHER PROGRAM IN A CHAIN, THEN IT IS CALLED AS
CHAINLOADER.
"GRUB"
IS SUCH A LOADER WHICH IS IT SELF IS A "PROGRAM", BUT ALONG WITH THIS
"GRUB PROGRAM", IT ALSO LOADS SOME "OTHER BOOTLOADER
PROGRAM". AND THIS IS NOTHING BUT A "CHAINLOADER".
NON LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM CAN BE
CONFIGURED INSIDE "GRUB" BY USING CHAIN LOADING.
LINUX IS "BY THE POGRAMMER" "OF THE
PROGRAMMER" "FOR THE PROGRAMMER"...!!!
MACINTOSH/OR
HACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION:
MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM IS DESIGNED ONLY
FOR APPLE HARDWARE.
MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS VERSIONS ARE: (TIGER,
PUMA, JAGUAR, AND LION).
1)
MAC OS X (X STANDS FOR 10).
2)
MAC OS X : 10.4 : TIGER VERSION
3)
MAC OS X : 10.5 : LEOPARD
VERSION
4)
MAC OS X : 10.6 : SNOW LEOPARD
5)
MAC OS X: 10.7: LION (LATEST
VERSION OF OPERATING SYSTEM).
HACKED VERSION OF MACINTOSH IS NOTH BUT
HACINTOSH.
MAC OS/OR IN OUR CASE HACINTOSH, WILL NOT
INSTALL IN OUR HARDWARE SO EASILY BECAUSE IT IS ONLY MADE FOR APPLE HARDWARE.
BUT THE HACHED VERSION CAN SUPPORT X86 MACHINE ALSO. SO WE WILL TRY TO INSTALL
IT IN OUR HARDWARE.
FILE SYSTEM NAME IS: HFS (HIRARCHIAL FILE
SYSTEM) / HFS+ (HIRARCHIAL FILE SYSTEM +)
FROM 1983, MBR IS WORKING. MEANS MBR
SCHEME IS FIRST STARTED/OR INTRODUCED IN 1983.
MASTER BOOT RECORD (MBR) PARTITIONING
SCHEME:
1)
THE PROBLEM IN THIS MBR BOOT
PARTITIONING SCHEME IS THAT, WE CAN CREATE ONLY 4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS, AND STILL
IF WE WANT TO DO MORE THAN 4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS, THEN DO IT ON EXTENDED's
LAGICAL PARTITION. (EXTENDED PARTITION IT SELF IS A PRIMARY PARTITION).
2)
MBR SUPPORTS MAXIMUM HARDDISK's
SIZE OF 2TB
3)
IN MBR, PARTITIONING SCHEME IS
KNOWN AS "FDISK SCHEME"
4)
MBR BOOT PARTITIONING IS
DESIGNED BY "MICROSOFT INCORPORATION".
5)
MAC SUPPORTS "KDE
DESKTOP".
EFI INTERNALLY CREATE EFI PARTITION
AUTOMATICALLY.
BY LOOKING AT THESE (FIRST 2 POINTS) RESTRICTION,
INTEL INCORPARATION COMPANY, NEARLY IN 2001-2002, DESIGNED A SPECIAL
PARTITIONING SCHEME, SO, TILL NOW, IN PARTITIONING, BOOTING WAS DONE BY MBR,
BUT IN THIS SCHEME, THE BOOTING IS DONE BY "EFI BOOT". (EXTENSIBLE
FIRMWARE INTERFACE/OR INFRASTRUCTURE)
WINDOWS 7 CAN SUPPORT BOTH PARTITIONING
BOOTING SCHEME, i.e. MBR BOOT PARTITION AND EFI BOOT PARTITION.
IN THIS, THE EFI (EXTENSIBLE FIRMWARE
INTERFACE), PARTITIONING SCHEME IS KNOWN AS "GPT PARTITIONING SCHEME"
(G: GUID P: PARTITION T: TABLE). GUID: GLOBAL UNIQUE IDENTIFIER.
MAC OPERATING SYSTEM MUST REQUIRE SATA
HARDDISK.
HERE, IN THIS CASE, WE ARE GOINT TO CREATE
PARTITIONS OF SATA HARDDISK IN 7 PARTITION/PARTS.
1)
FOR MAC OERATING SYSTEM.
2)
BACKUP RESTORE UTILITY.
3)
FEDORA
4)
SWAP
5)
DATA
6)
EFI
7)
OPTIONS: HOW YOU WANT TO DO PARTITIONING
OF HARDDISK?
1)
ADVANCED PARTITIONING TABLE
GUID PARTITIONING TABLE
2)
MBR PARTITIOING TABLE.
SELECT FIRST OPTION. I.e. GUID PARTITIOING
SCHEME.
FORMAT FILE SYSTEM: JFS (JOURNELLED FILE
SYSTEM).
"SELECT CUSTOM INSTALLATION"
THE HARDDISK's FIRST 17GB IS CALLED AS
"PRIMARY GPT".
THE SAME COPY OF THIS 17GB IS CREATED IN
BACKUP PARTITION WHICH IS CALLED AS "SECONDARY GPT", FOR TAKING
BACKUP OF YOUR DATA AND IT IS UPDATED EVERYTIME. THAT’S THE BEUTIFY OF
"GPT". SO, THEREFORE, THIS "SECONDARY GPT" TAKES YOUR ALL
YOUR DATA AS A BACKUP. SO, IN CASE IF WE LOST THE DATA FROM “PRIMARY GPT”, THEN
WE CAN RECOVER IT EASILY.
IN GPT, YOUR HARDDISK IS TREATED AS
"LBA" LOGICAL BLOCK ADDRESS.
(512 * 34)/1024
0tH LBA, 1st LBA
EVERY LBA's SIZE IS 512BYTE.
Q. HOW TO CALCULATE LBA (LOGICAL BLOCK
ADDRESS)?
ANSWER: LBA = ((CYLINDER NUMBER * NUMBER
OF HEADS PER CYLINDER) + HEAD NUMBER)*SECTOR PER SWAP + SECTOR NUMBER - 1
LBA 1: MBR (PROTECTIVE MBR). (THIS IS FOR
BACKWORD COMPATIBILITY).
LBA 2: PRIMARY GPT HEADER. (412 + 92(1)
HDD’s GUID, 2) PRC-32(PRIMARY REDUNDANCY CHECK)))
LBA 2 TO LBA 33: 1 LBA CAN HAVE 4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS, SO LBA-2
TO LBA-33 CAN HAVE 32*4 PRIMARY PARTITION TABLE.
ALONG WITH THIS, WE CAN HAVE EXTENDED
PARTITION ALSO IN EACH LBA. AND IN THIS EXTENDED, WE CAN CREATE AS MANY PRIMARY
SECONDARY PARTITION/LOGICAL PARTITION TABLE AS WE HAVE. SO THERE IS NO LIMIT OF
CREATING AS MANY NUMBERS OF PRIMARY PARTITIONS IN "GPT PARTITIONING
SCHEME".
GPT SUPPORTS MAXIMUM OF 9.4 GIGABYTE (2
RAISE TO 90 BYTES) HARDDISKS WHICH IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE WORLD TILL NOW.
BYTE, KILOBYTE, MEGABYTE, GIGABYTE, TERABYTE,
PETABYTE, EXABYTE, XETABYTE, YOTABYTE, BRONTOBYTE, GEOBYTE
1)
2 RAISE TO 10 = 1KB KILOBYTE.
2)
2 RAISE TO 20 = 1MB MEGABTE.
3)
2 RAISE TO 30 = 1GB GIGABYTE.
4)
2 RAISE TO 40 = 1TB TERA BYTE.
5)
2 RAISE TO 50 = 1PT PETA BYTE.
6)
2 RAISE TO 60 = 1EB EXA BYTE.
7)
2 RAISE TO 70 = 1ZB ZETA BYTE.
8)
2 RAISE TO 80 = 1YT YOTA BYTE.
9)
2 RAISE TO 90 = 1BT BRONTO BYTE.
10)
2 RAISE TO 100 = 1GEO BYTE.
(SAFE MODE MEANS, IN THAT MODE, GRAPHICS CARD
ARE NOT DETECTED BY OS).
APPLE MENU --> ABOUT BOOTMAP -->
MORE INFORMATION --> GRAPHICS DISPLAY.
Q. WHY MACINTOSH/ OR HACINTOSH LOOKS SO
BEUTIFUL IN SAFE MODE ALSO WITHOUT DETECTING GRAPHICS CARD.?
ANSWER: BECAUSE MACHINTOSH/OR HACINTOSH
INTERNALLY BY DEFAULT HAS/OR SUPPORTS RESA (RADIO ELECTRONIC STANDARD
ASSOCIATION's IN BUILT GRAPHICS CARDS FEATURES). BECAUSE OF THIS FEATURE,
MACINTOSH/OR HACINTOSH LOOKS SO BEUTIFUL IN SAFE MODE ALSO.
INSTALLATION
OF FEDORA CORE 11
ANACONDA IS "RED HARDWARE DETECTION
PROGRAM"(HARDWARE PROBIMG PROGRAM/HARDWARE DETECTION PROGRAM).
YAKK BELONGS TO SuSE. (HARDWARE PROBING
PROGRAM/HARDWARE DETECTION PROGRAM) AS WELL AS HARDWARE CONFIGURATION PROGRAM.
LINUX's BEST KERNEL/PROGRAMMER IS WRIITEN
BY: PETER AMVI: IN RED HAT OPERATING SYSTEM.
WHEN BRITISH WERE HERE IN INDIA, THEN AT
TIME, AT THAT TIME, INDIA'S CAPITAL WAS KOLKATA. SO FROM THERE, THE TIME
INDIA's WAS CONSIDERED AS TIME OF KOLKATA. NOW A DAYS ALSO THIS TIMING IS
FOLLOWS USING "NTP" I.e. NETWORK TIME PROTOCOL. (THIS IS CONSIDERED
IN "KOLKATA").
sdA1, sdA2, sdA3
IN LINUX
FAT16 IS CONSIDERED AS FAT. AND
FAT32 IS CONSIDERED AS VFAT i.e. VERBOS
FAT
FORMAT AS "SWAP"
INSTALL BOOTLOADER ON /DEV/sdB4
IF WHOLE HDD (i.e. ONLY sd/OR hd THEN
PLEASE SELECT NO BECAUSE IT IS MBR).
UNIX IS NOT LINUX, BUT LINUX IS UNIX. AND
“LILO” IS BOOTLOADER OF LINUX.
LILO BOOTLOADER'S DISADVANTAGES
1)
LILO IS DIFFICULT/LOW SUPPORT
FOR GRAPHICAL BECAUSE FONT IS NOT SUPPORTED
2)
IT IS COMMAND BASED LOADER AND
NOT A GUI BASED LOADER.
3)
LILO FOLLOWS THE TRADITIONAL
PARTITIONING SCHEME AND NOT THE CURRENT PARTITIONING SCHEME i.e. GPT.
4)
THIS BOOTLOADER IS NOT
CONFIGURABLE.
SO THEREFORE, "GRUB" IS THE ONLY
BOOTLOADER AVAILABLE WHICH SUPPORTS BOTH MBR AND GPT PARTITIONING SCHEME.
SO ALWAYS USE "GRUB" BOOTLOADER
FOR LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM.
THEN ALSO ANY ONE WANTS TO USE LILO, THEN
JUST GO WITH/USE "ELILO" i.e. "ENHANCED LILO" BOOTLOADER
WHICH SUPPORTS ALL THESE THREE FEATURES MENTIONED ABOVE.
WINDOWS UBANTU INSTALLER (WBI) AND VIRTUAL
MACHINE BASED UBANTU INSTALLER ARE DIFFERENT WITH EACH OTHER. BOTH ARE VIRTUAL
MACHINE BASED INSTALLER BUT THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM IS THAT THE
CONFIGURABLE VIRTUAL MACHINE BASED INSTALLER AND BY DEFAULT VIRTUAL BASED
MACHINE.
IN WINDOWS MOUNTING IS DONE AUTOMATICALLY.
COMMAND NAME IS: MOUNTVOL: I.e. MEANS MOUNT VOLUME
MOUNT -T “SOURCE” “DESTINATION” (-T
STANDS FOR FILE SYSTEM TYPE)
/DEV/MOUNT
(TILL THIS... I LISTENED THE AUDIO CLIPS OF SEMINAR BY DR. VIJAY GOKHALE SIR......
I WILL SOON POST MY NEXT SESSION BLOG )
THANK YOU…!!! DR. VIJAY GOKHALE SIR.
FROM-
AMIT U. GHADGE
amitishere26@gmail.com
